Propellant Tanks

Pressurants & regulators

• Sizing for transient flow
• Blow‑down vs Regulated modes
• Composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs)

Tank design

• Materials
• Liners
• Slosh/Ullage
• Anti‑vortex
• Thermal insulation

Pressurization modes

Blow‑down

• decaying $p_{tank}$
• simpler
• varying performance

Regulated

• maintain $p_{tank}$
• requires regulator/heater loop

Boil‑off management

• Insulation
• Vapor‑cooled shields
• Active refrigeration
• Autogenous pressurization

Long‑duration storage

• Sun‑shielding
• Spin‑stabilization to manage stratification
• Cryo fluid management (CFM) devices

Cooling methods

Regenerative

• fuel through cooling jackets
• preheat fuel, protect walls

Film cooling

• thin protective layer along wall

Ablative

• sacrificial liner for short burns

Dump cooling/heat sink

• for very short duration

Hot‑side limits

• Heat flux
• material creep
• thermal fatigue
• coking for hydrocarbons